| overview |
A general summary or introduction |
概述 |
Today, we’re starting with an overview of developmental psychology. |
| go over |
To review or discuss in detail |
仔细讨论 |
We will go over some of the key principles of development. |
| physical |
Related to the body |
身体的 |
Physical changes are a major part of human development. |
| intellectual |
Related to the mind and thinking |
智力的 |
Intellectual development includes learning and understanding. |
| personality changes |
Alterations in character and behavior |
个性变化 |
Personality changes occur throughout childhood and adolescence. |
| occur |
To happen or take place |
发生 |
Developmental changes occur from birth to around age 16. |
| or so |
Approximately |
大约 |
Development is discussed up to age 16 or so. |
| general principle |
A basic rule or law regarding a subject |
一般原则 |
A general principle of development is the influence of heredity and environment. |
| heredity |
Genetic inheritance from parents |
遗传 |
Heredity plays a crucial role in development. |
| inherit |
To receive genetic characteristics from one’s parents |
继承 |
Children inherit traits like eye color from their parents. |
| genetically |
In a way that relates to genes or heredity |
在遗传上 |
Traits are passed down genetically from parents to children. |
| Appearance |
The way that someone or something looks |
外观 |
Appearance can be strongly influenced by genetic factors. |
| genes |
The basic units of genetic material |
基因 |
Genes determine much of our physical characteristics. |
| size |
The overall dimensions or magnitude of something |
大小 |
Nutrients affect the size a child grows to be. |
| nutrients |
Substances that provide nourishment essential for growth |
营养素 |
Proper nutrients are crucial for healthy development. |
| diet |
The kinds of food that a person, animal, or community eats |
饮食 |
A balanced diet is important for an infant’s growth. |
| infant |
A very young child or baby |
婴儿 |
Infants require specific nutrients to grow properly. |
| bone |
The rigid organs that form part of the skeletal structure |
骨头 |
Bone development is significantly affected by nutrition. |
| extent |
The degree to which something occurs or is likely to occur |
程度 |
The extent of hereditary influence can vary. |
| factor |
A circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result |
因素 |
Heredity and environment are key factors in development. |
| vice versa |
Conversely, in reverse |
反之亦然 |
The influence of heredity versus environment, and vice versa, is debated. |
| relative |
In comparison or relation to something else |
相对的 |
The relative importance of genes is often discussed. |
| largely |
Mostly, mainly |
主要地 |
The studies were largely inconclusive. |
| inconclusive |
Not leading to a firm conclusion or result |
无定论的 |
The debate remains inconclusive due to complex factors. |
| separate |
To divide or distinguish from others |
分开 |
It is difficult to separate the effects of heredity from environment. |
| with regard to |
Concerning, in terms of |
关于 |
With regard to intellectual development, many factors play a role. |
| isolate |
To separate something from other things |
隔离 |
Isolating the exact impact of genes is challenging. |
| complex |
Composed of many interconnected parts |
复杂的 |
The interplay of genetic and environmental factors is complex. |
| interplay |
The way in which two or more things influence each other |
相互作用 |
The interplay between heredity and environment affects development. |
| takes place |
Happens, occurs |
发生 |
Development takes place at different rates for different individuals. |
| rate |
The speed or frequency of an event |
速率 |
Growth rates can vary significantly during adolescence. |
| adolescence |
The period following the onset of puberty |
青春期 |
During adolescence, many physical and psychological changes occur. |
| clumsy |
Awkward in movement or in handling things |
笨拙的 |
Adolescents often feel clumsy due to rapid growth. |
| as a whole |
In general, all things considered |
整体上 |
Physical growth as a whole may not align with mental development. |
| proceed |
To continue or move forward |
进行 |
Development proceeds at its own pace. |
| mental |
Relating to the mind |
精神的 |
Mental abilities develop through childhood and adolescence. |
| mature |
Fully developed physically; full-grown |
成熟的 |
Some adolescents look mature but still behave childishly. |
| cognition |
The mental action of acquiring knowledge |
认知 |
Cognition develops significantly during childhood. |
| perception |
The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something |
感知 |
Perception skills vary widely among children. |
| chin |
The lower part of the face below the mouth |
下巴 |
Infants develop the ability to lift their chin early on. |
| toddler |
A young child who is just beginning to walk |
学步的儿童 |
Toddlers gradually progress from crawling to walking. |
| crawl |
To move on hands and knees or by dragging the body close to the ground |
爬 |
Babies typically crawl before they learn to walk. |
| orderly sequence |
A series of events that follow a specific, logical order |
有序的序列 |
Development follows an orderly sequence of stages. |
| specifically |
Particularly, especially |
特别地 |
The study focuses specifically on motor development in infants. |
| identify |
To recognize and name |
识别 |
It can be hard to identify stages of intellectual development. |
| distinct |
Clearly different or belonging to a different category |
明显的 |
The stages of physical development are more distinct than those of intellectual growth. |
| continuous |
Without stopping, unending |
连续的 |
Development is a continuous process. |
| clear cut break |
A definite or distinct separation |
明确的分界线 |
There’s no clear cut break between different stages of development. |
| go unnoticed |
Not to be observed or recognized |
未被注意 |
Subtle developmental changes often go unnoticed by parents. |
| chart |
A visual display of information or data |
图表 |
Development charts in books help track growth milestones. |
| exact |
Precise, not varying |
精确的 |
The exact timing of developmental stages varies among individuals. |
| concerns |
Matters of interest or importance |
涉及 |
The study concerns the variability in children’s growth rates. |
| variability |
The quality of being subject to variation |
可变性；易变性；反复不定 |
There is significant variability in how individuals develop. |
| simply |
Merely, just |
仅仅 |
Development simply does not follow the same pattern for everyone. |