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operator(): processing 4569600 samples, 285.6 sec, 8 threads, 1 processors, lang = en, task = transcribe ...
[00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:04.080] Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.
[00:00:04.080 --> 00:00:10.320] As you know, artists today can choose from an enormous selection of media, including water
[00:00:10.320 --> 00:00:15.560] collars, acrylic paints, not to mention special paints formulated for almost any surface
[00:00:15.560 --> 00:00:17.840] you might want to paint on.
[00:00:17.840 --> 00:00:23.040] But even so, oil paints are still the medium of choice among most professional artists
[00:00:23.040 --> 00:00:24.840] and hobbyists.
[00:00:24.840 --> 00:00:26.040] So why is that?
[00:00:26.040 --> 00:00:31.460] Well, for one thing oil paints extremely versatile, suitable for many different painting
[00:00:31.460 --> 00:00:36.240] styles, different subjects, and different sizes of work.
[00:00:36.240 --> 00:00:40.160] Another advantage is that they're easy to use, even for beginners.
[00:00:40.160 --> 00:00:41.880] They can be manipulated.
[00:00:41.880 --> 00:00:46.680] You can apply oil paint to a canvas and then because they don't dry right away, they can
[00:00:46.680 --> 00:00:49.440] be scraped off and painted over.
[00:00:49.440 --> 00:00:53.960] So you don't have to waste expensive material every time you make a change.
[00:00:53.960 --> 00:00:57.960] Unlike acrylic paint, which really can't be moved once it's applied.
[00:00:57.960 --> 00:01:00.440] Acrylic paints dry very quickly.
[00:01:00.440 --> 00:01:04.760] So in general, when using them, it's more difficult to make changes.
[00:01:04.760 --> 00:01:08.760] And with water collars, you can't really paint over a mistake because it really diminishes
[00:01:08.760 --> 00:01:11.520] the freshness of the colors.
[00:01:11.520 --> 00:01:14.880] So oil paint is the medium of choice for many painters.
[00:01:14.880 --> 00:01:20.600] Nowadays anyway, in terms of art history, oil paints are actually pretty young.
[00:01:20.600 --> 00:01:27.200] In Europe, before the invention, rather the development of oil paint, painters mostly
[00:01:27.200 --> 00:01:29.800] used tempera.
[00:01:29.800 --> 00:01:32.760] Tempara was made with egg yolk, believe it or not.
[00:01:32.760 --> 00:01:34.720] The yolk acted as a binder.
[00:01:34.720 --> 00:01:39.680] A binder enables the color pigment to stick to your canvas.
[00:01:39.680 --> 00:01:45.040] And no, tempera wasn't always yellow, if that's what you're thinking.
[00:01:45.040 --> 00:01:49.600] Artists made their own paint by mixing egg yolk with a color pigment, like powdered iron
[00:01:49.600 --> 00:01:50.600] or copper.
[00:01:50.600 --> 00:01:55.600] But it dried very fast, which left little room for error or change.
[00:01:55.600 --> 00:01:59.080] He really had to get it right the first time.
[00:01:59.080 --> 00:02:07.880] Then in the early 15th century, a Flemish painter named Jan of Anike started experimenting.
[00:02:07.880 --> 00:02:12.720] After the tempera in one of Anike's paintings cracked while drawing in the sun, he decided
[00:02:12.720 --> 00:02:17.840] to try to make a paint that would avoid this fate, so he tried an oil mixture.
[00:02:17.840 --> 00:02:22.520] Actually, other painters before him had dried using oils as a binder.
[00:02:22.520 --> 00:02:27.320] So while Anike's credited with inventing oil paint, it's not entirely true.
[00:02:27.320 --> 00:02:32.460] In Greece and Italy, olive oil had been used to prepare pigment mixtures, but the paint took
[00:02:32.460 --> 00:02:37.280] a really long time to dry, just the opposite of tempera.
[00:02:37.280 --> 00:02:40.280] But Van Aik had a secret recipe for his oil paint.
[00:02:40.280 --> 00:02:43.040] He used linseed oil.
[00:02:43.040 --> 00:02:47.560] Not only did this paint dry without cracking, Van Aik also discovered that it could be
[00:02:47.560 --> 00:02:49.960] applied in very thin layers.
[00:02:49.960 --> 00:02:54.720] This technique gave the colors a depth that was previously unknown.
[00:02:54.720 --> 00:03:00.360] And just as important, the linseed oil actually increased the brilliance of the color.
[00:03:00.360 --> 00:03:05.760] So as a result, pigment oil mixtures became very popular among artists.
[00:03:05.760 --> 00:03:12.040] Some tried to improve the paint by developing their own recipes, like by using walnut oil,
[00:03:12.040 --> 00:03:15.520] for instance, or by cooking their oil mixtures.
[00:03:15.520 --> 00:03:19.560] But a great manie began using some sort of oil as their binder.
[00:03:19.560 --> 00:03:25.640] Now, with all this experimentation with mixtures, well, it took a long time for artists
[00:03:25.640 --> 00:03:30.320] to get comfortable with using these new oil paints to get a true feeling for how to apply
[00:03:30.320 --> 00:03:32.960] them to the best effect.
[00:03:32.960 --> 00:03:38.240] The early painters in oil, like Van Aik, laid the paint down in thin layers with brush
[00:03:38.240 --> 00:03:42.480] strokes that were so delicate that they're practically invisible.
[00:03:42.480 --> 00:03:47.240] It really wasn't until the end of the 16th century and in the 17th century that the full
[00:03:47.240 --> 00:03:50.400] potential of oil paint was realized.
[00:03:50.400 --> 00:03:55.520] For example, that's when artists finally began to combine delicately painted areas with thick
[00:03:55.520 --> 00:04:00.560] brush strokes so you could actually see the marks of the brush.
[00:04:00.560 --> 00:04:04.800] Combining the rough and smooth gives oil paintings great textural depth.
[00:04:04.800 --> 00:04:08.960] Of course, the public who were used to smooth surfaces actually complained that these paintings
[00:04:08.960 --> 00:04:11.320] looked unfinished.
[00:04:11.320 --> 00:04:14.880] But some of that attitude carried over into later centuries.
[00:04:14.880 --> 00:04:20.040] Like, well, you're probably familiar with the work of the painter Vincent Van Gogh.
[00:04:20.040 --> 00:04:23.880] Van Gogh's famous nowadays for his thick swirling brush strokes.
[00:04:23.880 --> 00:04:29.320] But amazingly enough, his work was not appreciated back in the 19th century, and he sold
[00:04:29.320 --> 00:04:32.400] just one painting during his lifetime.
[00:04:32.400 --> 00:04:36.680] Of course, the French impressionists who were his contemporaries attained more popular
[00:04:36.680 --> 00:04:43.680] claim, but they used a different technique.
[00:04:43.680 --> 00:04:45.340] on the landscape.
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